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专栏目录： 《YOLOv5入门 + 改进涨点》专栏介绍 & 专栏目录 |目前已有60+篇内容，内含各种Head检测头、损失函数Loss、Backbone、Neck、NMS等创新点改进
MobileNetV2是一种高效的卷积神经网络架构，专为移动和嵌入式设备上的计算需求设计。它通过引入逆残差结构（Inverted Residuals）和线性瓶颈层，有效地减少了计算量和参数数量，同时保持了良好的精度。该网络在保持较低复杂度的同时，能够在图像分类、目标检测和语义分割等任务中提供强大的性能。文章在介绍主要的原理后，将手把手教学如何进行模块的代码添加和修改，并将修改后的完整代码放在文章的最后，方便大家一键运行，小白也可轻松上手实践。以帮助您更好地学习深度学习目标检测YOLO系列的挑战。
专栏地址： YOLOv5改进+入门——持续更新各种有效涨点方法 点击即可跳转
目录
1.原理
2. 将MobileNet v2添加到YOLOv5中
2.1 MobileNet v2的代码实现
2.2 新增yaml文件
2.3 注册模块
2.4 执行程序
3. 完整代码分享
4. GFLOPs
5. 进阶
6. 总结
1.原理
论文地址 ：MobileNetV2: Inverted Residuals and Linear Bottlenecks——点击即可跳转
官方代码：官方代码仓库——点击即可跳转
以下原理内容来自@太阳花的小绿豆
在MobileNet v1的网络结构表中能够发现，网络的结构就像VGG一样是个直筒型的，不像ResNet网络有shorcut之类的连接方式。而且有人反映说MobileNet v1网络中的DW卷积很容易训练废掉，效果并没有那么理想。所以我们接着看下MobileNet v2网络。
MobileNet v2网络是由google团队在2018年提出的，相比MobileNet V1网络，准确率更高，模型更小。刚刚说了MobileNet v1网络中的亮点是DW卷积，那么在MobileNet v2中的亮点就是Inverted residual block（倒残差结构），如下下图所示，左侧是ResNet网络中的残差结构，右侧就是MobileNet v2中的到残差结构。在残差结构中是1x1卷积降维->3x3卷积->1x1卷积升维，在倒残差结构中正好相反，是1x1卷积升维->3x3DW卷积->1x1卷积降维。为什么要这样做，原文的解释是高维信息通过ReLU激活函数后丢失的信息更少（注意倒残差结构中基本使用的都是ReLU6激活函数，但是最后一个1x1的卷积层使用的是线性激活函数）。
在使用倒残差结构时需要注意下，并不是所有的倒残差结构都有shortcut连接，只有当stride=1且输入特征矩阵与输出特征矩阵shape相同时才有shortcut连接（只有当shape相同时，两个矩阵才能做加法运算，当stride=1时并不能保证输入特征矩阵的channel与输出特征矩阵的channel相同）。
下图是MobileNet v2网络的结构表，其中t代表的是扩展因子（倒残差结构中第一个1x1卷积的扩展因子），c代表输出特征矩阵的channel，n代表倒残差结构重复的次数，s代表步距（注意：这里的步距只是针对重复n次的第一层倒残差结构，后面的都默认为1）。
2. 将MobileNet v2添加到YOLOv5中
2.1 MobileNet v2的代码实现
关键步骤一: 将下面代码添加到 yolov5/models/common.py中
class conv_bn_relu_maxpool(nn.Module):def __init__(self, c1, c2): # ch_in, ch_outsuper(conv_bn_relu_maxpool, self).__init__()self.conv = Conv(c1, c2, k=3, s=2, p=1, g=1, act='ReLU')self.maxpool = nn.MaxPool2d(kernel_size=3, stride=2, padding=1, dilation=1, ceil_mode=False)def forward(self, x):return self.maxpool(self.conv(x))def fuse(self):self.conv.fuse()class RepVGGBlock(nn.Module):def __init__(self, in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size=3, stride=1, use_se=False, use_cbam=False,padding=1, dilation=1, groups=1, padding_mode='zeros', deploy=False):super(RepVGGBlock, self).__init__()self.deploy = deployself.groups = groupsself.in_channels = in_channelsself.out_channels = out_channelsself.kernel_size = kernel_sizeself.stride = strideself.padding = paddingself.dilation = dilationself.groups = groupsself.padding_mode = padding_modepadding_11 = padding - kernel_size // 2# self.nonlinearity = nn.SiLU()self.nonlinearity = nn.ReLU()if use_se or use_cbam:if use_se:self.se = SEBlock(out_channels, internal_neurons=out_channels // 16)if use_cbam:self.se = CBAM(out_channels, internal_neurons=out_channels // 16)else:self.se = nn.Identity()if deploy:self.rbr_reparam = nn.Conv2d(in_channels=in_channels, out_channels=out_channels, kernel_size=kernel_size,stride=stride,padding=padding, dilation=dilation, groups=groups, bias=True,padding_mode=padding_mode)else:self.rbr_identity = nn.BatchNorm2d(num_features=in_channels) if out_channels == in_channels and stride == 1 else Noneself.rbr_dense = conv_bn(in_channels=in_channels, out_channels=out_channels, kernel_size=kernel_size,stride=stride, padding=padding, groups=groups)self.rbr_1x1 = conv_bn(in_channels=in_channels, out_channels=out_channels, kernel_size=1, stride=stride,padding=padding_11, groups=groups)# print('RepVGG Block, identity = ', self.rbr_identity)def get_equivalent_kernel_bias(self):kernel3x3, bias3x3 = self._fuse_bn_tensor(self.rbr_dense)kernel1x1, bias1x1 = self._fuse_bn_tensor(self.rbr_1x1)kernelid, biasid = self._fuse_bn_tensor(self.rbr_identity)return kernel3x3 + self._pad_1x1_to_3x3_tensor(kernel1x1) + kernelid, bias3x3 + bias1x1 + biasiddef _pad_1x1_to_3x3_tensor(self, kernel1x1):if kernel1x1 is None:return 0else:return torch.nn.functional.pad(kernel1x1, [1, 1, 1, 1])def _fuse_bn_tensor(self, branch):if branch is None:return 0, 0if isinstance(branch, nn.Sequential):kernel = branch.conv.weightrunning_mean = branch.bn.running_meanrunning_var = branch.bn.running_vargamma = branch.bn.weightbeta = branch.bn.biaseps = branch.bn.epselse:assert isinstance(branch, (nn.BatchNorm2d, nn.SyncBatchNorm))if not hasattr(self, 'id_tensor'):input_dim = self.in_channels // self.groupskernel_value = np.zeros((self.in_channels, input_dim, 3, 3), dtype=np.float32)for i in range(self.in_channels):kernel_value[i, i % input_dim, 1, 1] = 1self.id_tensor = torch.from_numpy(kernel_value).to(branch.weight.device)kernel = self.id_tensorrunning_mean = branch.running_meanrunning_var = branch.running_vargamma = branch.weightbeta = branch.biaseps = branch.epsstd = (running_var + eps).sqrt()t = (gamma / std).reshape(-1, 1, 1, 1)return kernel * t, beta - running_mean * gamma / stddef forward(self, inputs):if hasattr(self, 'rbr_reparam'):return self.nonlinearity(self.se(self.rbr_reparam(inputs)))if self.rbr_identity is None:id_out = 0else:id_out = self.rbr_identity(inputs)return self.nonlinearity(self.se(self.rbr_dense(inputs) + self.rbr_1x1(inputs) + id_out))# RepVGGBlock(in_channels=self.in_planes, out_channels=planes, kernel_size=3,# stride=stride, padding=1, groups=1, deploy=self.deploy, use_se=self.use_se))def fuse(self):if self.deploy == False:self.rbr_reparam = nn.Conv2d(in_channels=self.in_channels, out_channels=self.out_channels,kernel_size=self.kernel_size,stride=self.stride,padding=self.padding, dilation=self.dilation, groups=self.groups, bias=True,padding_mode=self.padding_mode).requires_grad_(False).to(self.rbr_dense.conv.weight.device)self.deploy = Truekernel, bias = self.get_equivalent_kernel_bias()self.rbr_reparam.weight.data = kernelself.rbr_reparam.bias.data = biasself.forward = self.fusevggforwardself.__delattr__('rbr_identity')self.rbr_dense.__delattr__('conv')self.rbr_dense.__delattr__('bn')self.rbr_1x1.__delattr__('conv')self.rbr_1x1.__delattr__('bn')del self._modules['rbr_dense']del self._modules['rbr_1x1']def fusevggforward(self, inputs):return self.nonlinearity(self.se(self.rbr_reparam(inputs)))class MobileNetV2_Block(nn.Module):def __init__(self, inp, oup, stride=1, expand_ratio=1):super(MobileNetV2_Block, self).__init__()assert stride in [1, 2]self.stride = strideself.identity = stride == 1 and inp == ouphidden_dim = int(round(inp * expand_ratio))act = 'ReLU'if expand_ratio != 1:self.conv = nn.Sequential(Conv(inp, hidden_dim, k=1, s=1, p=0, act=act),DWConv(hidden_dim, hidden_dim, k=3, s=stride, act=act),Conv(hidden_dim, oup, k=1, s=1, p=0, act=False),)else:self.conv = nn.Sequential(DWConv(hidden_dim, hidden_dim, k=3, s=stride, act=act),Conv(hidden_dim, oup, k=1, s=1, p=0, act=False),)def forward(self, x):y = self.conv(x)if self.identity:return x + yelse:return ydef fuse(self):for m in self.conv:if isinstance(m, (Conv, DWConv, RepVGGBlock)):m.fuse()
2.2 新增yaml文件
关键步骤二：在下/yolov5/models下新建文件 yolov5_MobileNetv2.yaml并将下面代码复制进去
- 目标检测yaml文件
# YOLOv5 🚀 by Ultralytics, GPL-3.0 license# Parameters
nc: 80 # number of classes
depth_multiple: 1.0 # model depth multiple
width_multiple: 1.0 # layer channel multiple
anchors:- [10,13, 16,30, 33,23] # P3/8- [30,61, 62,45, 59,119] # P4/16- [116,90, 156,198, 373,326] # P5/32# Mobilenetv3Small backbone
# MobileNetV3_Block in_ch, [out_ch, hid_ch, k_s, stride, SE, HardSwish]
backbone:# [from, number, module, args][[-1, 1, Conv, [32, 3, 2]], # 0-p1/2[-1, 1, MobileNetV2_Block, [16, 1, 1]], # 1[-1, 1, MobileNetV2_Block, [24, 2, 6]], # 2-p2/4[-1, 1, MobileNetV2_Block, [24, 1, 6]], # 3[-1, 1, MobileNetV2_Block, [32, 2, 6]], # 4-p3/8[-1, 2, MobileNetV2_Block, [32, 1, 6]], # 5[-1, 1, MobileNetV2_Block, [64, 2, 6]], # 6-p4/16[-1, 3, MobileNetV2_Block, [64, 1, 6]], # 7[-1, 1, MobileNetV2_Block, [96, 1, 6]], # 8[-1, 2, MobileNetV2_Block, [96, 1, 6]], # 9[-1, 1, MobileNetV2_Block, [160, 2, 6]], # 10-p5/32[-1, 2, MobileNetV2_Block, [160, 1, 6]], # 11[-1, 1, MobileNetV2_Block, [320, 1, 6]], # 12[-1, 1, SPPF, [1024, 5]], # 13]# YOLOv5 v6.0 head
head:[[-1, 1, Conv, [256, 1, 1]], # 14[-1, 1, nn.Upsample, [None, 2, 'nearest']],[[-1, 9], 1, Concat, [1]], # cat backbone P4[-1, 1, C3, [256, False]], # 17[-1, 1, Conv, [128, 1, 1]], # 18[-1, 1, nn.Upsample, [None, 2, 'nearest']],[[-1, 5], 1, Concat, [1]], # cat backbone P3[-1, 1, C3, [128, False]], # 20 (P3/8-small)[-1, 1, Conv, [128, 3, 2]],[[-1, 18], 1, Concat, [1]], # cat head P4[-1, 1, C3, [256, False]], # 24 (P4/16-medium)[-1, 1, Conv, [256, 3, 2]],[[-1, 14], 1, Concat, [1]], # cat head P5[-1, 1, C3, [512, False]], # 27 (P5/32-large)[[21, 24, 27], 1, Detect, [nc, anchors]], # Detect(P3, P4, P5)]- 语义分割yaml文件
# YOLOv5 🚀 by Ultralytics, GPL-3.0 license# Parameters
nc: 80 # number of classes
depth_multiple: 1.0 # model depth multiple
width_multiple: 1.0 # layer channel multiple
anchors:- [10,13, 16,30, 33,23] # P3/8- [30,61, 62,45, 59,119] # P4/16- [116,90, 156,198, 373,326] # P5/32# Mobilenetv3Small backbone
# MobileNetV3_Block in_ch, [out_ch, hid_ch, k_s, stride, SE, HardSwish]
backbone:# [from, number, module, args][[-1, 1, Conv, [32, 3, 2]], # 0-p1/2[-1, 1, MobileNetV2_Block, [16, 1, 1]], # 1[-1, 1, MobileNetV2_Block, [24, 2, 6]], # 2-p2/4[-1, 1, MobileNetV2_Block, [24, 1, 6]], # 3[-1, 1, MobileNetV2_Block, [32, 2, 6]], # 4-p3/8[-1, 2, MobileNetV2_Block, [32, 1, 6]], # 5[-1, 1, MobileNetV2_Block, [64, 2, 6]], # 6-p4/16[-1, 3, MobileNetV2_Block, [64, 1, 6]], # 7[-1, 1, MobileNetV2_Block, [96, 1, 6]], # 8[-1, 2, MobileNetV2_Block, [96, 1, 6]], # 9[-1, 1, MobileNetV2_Block, [160, 2, 6]], # 10-p5/32[-1, 2, MobileNetV2_Block, [160, 1, 6]], # 11[-1, 1, MobileNetV2_Block, [320, 1, 6]], # 12[-1, 1, SPPF, [1024, 5]], # 13]# YOLOv5 v6.0 head
head:[[-1, 1, Conv, [256, 1, 1]], # 14[-1, 1, nn.Upsample, [None, 2, 'nearest']],[[-1, 9], 1, Concat, [1]], # cat backbone P4[-1, 1, C3, [256, False]], # 17[-1, 1, Conv, [128, 1, 1]], # 18[-1, 1, nn.Upsample, [None, 2, 'nearest']],[[-1, 5], 1, Concat, [1]], # cat backbone P3[-1, 1, C3, [128, False]], # 20 (P3/8-small)[-1, 1, Conv, [128, 3, 2]],[[-1, 18], 1, Concat, [1]], # cat head P4[-1, 1, C3, [256, False]], # 24 (P4/16-medium)[-1, 1, Conv, [256, 3, 2]],[[-1, 14], 1, Concat, [1]], # cat head P5[-1, 1, C3, [512, False]], # 27 (P5/32-large)[[21, 24, 27], 1, Segment, [nc, anchors, 32, 256]], # Detect(P3, P4, P5)]温馨提示：本文只是对yolov5基础上添加模块，如果要对yolov5n/l/m/x进行添加则只需要指定对应的depth_multiple 和 width_multiple。
# YOLOv5n
depth_multiple: 0.33 # model depth multiple
width_multiple: 0.25 # layer channel multiple# YOLOv5s
depth_multiple: 0.33 # model depth multiple
width_multiple: 0.50 # layer channel multiple# YOLOv5l
depth_multiple: 1.0 # model depth multiple
width_multiple: 1.0 # layer channel multiple# YOLOv5m
depth_multiple: 0.67 # model depth multiple
width_multiple: 0.75 # layer channel multiple# YOLOv5x
depth_multiple: 1.33 # model depth multiple
width_multiple: 1.25 # layer channel multiple2.3 注册模块
关键步骤三：在yolo.py的parse_model函数中注册 添加“MobileNetv2",
2.4 执行程序
在train.py中，将cfg的参数路径设置为yolov5_MobileNetv2.yaml的路径
建议大家写绝对路径，确保一定能找到
🚀运行程序，如果出现下面的内容则说明添加成功🚀
from n params module arguments0 -1 1 928 models.common.Conv [3, 32, 3, 2]1 -1 1 896 models.common.MobileNetV2_Block [32, 16, 1, 1]2 -1 1 5136 models.common.MobileNetV2_Block [16, 24, 2, 6]3 -1 1 8832 models.common.MobileNetV2_Block [24, 24, 1, 6]4 -1 1 10000 models.common.MobileNetV2_Block [24, 32, 2, 6]5 -1 2 29696 models.common.MobileNetV2_Block [32, 32, 1, 6]6 -1 1 21056 models.common.MobileNetV2_Block [32, 64, 2, 6]7 -1 3 162816 models.common.MobileNetV2_Block [64, 64, 1, 6]8 -1 1 66624 models.common.MobileNetV2_Block [64, 96, 1, 6]9 -1 2 236544 models.common.MobileNetV2_Block [96, 96, 1, 6]10 -1 1 155264 models.common.MobileNetV2_Block [96, 160, 2, 6]11 -1 2 640000 models.common.MobileNetV2_Block [160, 160, 1, 6]12 -1 1 473920 models.common.MobileNetV2_Block [160, 320, 1, 6]13 -1 1 708928 models.common.SPPF [320, 1024, 5]14 -1 1 262656 models.common.Conv [1024, 256, 1, 1]15 -1 1 0 torch.nn.modules.upsampling.Upsample [None, 2, 'nearest']16 [-1, 9] 1 0 models.common.Concat [1]17 -1 1 321024 models.common.C3 [352, 256, 1, False]18 -1 1 33024 models.common.Conv [256, 128, 1, 1]19 -1 1 0 torch.nn.modules.upsampling.Upsample [None, 2, 'nearest']20 [-1, 5] 1 0 models.common.Concat [1]21 -1 1 78592 models.common.C3 [160, 128, 1, False]22 -1 1 147712 models.common.Conv [128, 128, 3, 2]23 [-1, 18] 1 0 models.common.Concat [1]24 -1 1 296448 models.common.C3 [256, 256, 1, False]25 -1 1 590336 models.common.Conv [256, 256, 3, 2]26 [-1, 14] 1 0 models.common.Concat [1]27 -1 1 1182720 models.common.C3 [512, 512, 1, False]28 [21, 24, 27] 1 229245 Detect [80, [[10, 13, 16, 30, 33, 23], [30, 61, 62, 45, 59, 119], [116, 90, 156, 198, 373, 326]], [128, 256, 512]]
YOLOv5 summary: 347 layers, 5662397 parameters, 5662397 gradients, 11.5 GFLOPs3. 完整代码分享
https://pan.baidu.com/s/1uxmTHtaXpeL-hWyP1-me1w?pwd=r6hg提取码: r6hg
4. GFLOPs
关于GFLOPs的计算方式可以查看：百面算法工程师 | 卷积基础知识——Convolution
未改进的GFLOPs
改进后的GFLOPs
现在手上没有卡了，等过段时候有卡了把这补上，需要的同学自己测一下
5. 进阶
可以结合损失函数或者卷积模块进行多重改进
YOLOv5改进 | 损失函数 | EIoU、SIoU、WIoU、DIoU、FocuSIoU等多种损失函数——点击即可跳转
6. 总结
MobileNetV2是谷歌于2018年提出的一种高效卷积神经网络架构，专为移动和嵌入式设备设计。它通过引入逆残差结构和线性瓶颈层，优化了计算效率和模型性能，显著减少了计算量和参数数量。MobileNetV2在图像分类、目标检测和语义分割等任务中表现出色，能够在资源受限的设备上提供与更大模型相近的精度。